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Modular approach in OPHL: are there preoperative predictors?
Abstract
Objective. Open partial horizontal laryngectomies (OPHLs) nowadays represent the first line surgical choice for the conservative treatment of locally intermediate and selected advanced stage laryngeal cancers. Among the peculiarities of OPHLs, there is the possibility of intraoperatively modulating the procedure. It would be useful for the surgeon to recognise preoperative endoscopic and radiological factors that can predict the possibility to modulate the laryngectomy.
Methods. The present study retrospectively reviewed a cohort of 72 patients who underwent OPHL for glottic LSCC, in order to identify preoperative (endoscopic and radiological) parameters that are able to predict modulation surgery.
Results. The hypoglottic extension of the glottic tumour was the preoperative finding that was most informative in predicting OPHL modulation. However, it had no significant impact on oncological outcomes. Conclusions. Patients affected by tumours with hypoglottic extension and eligible for OPHL type II should be preoperatively informed about the possibility of an intraoperative switch towards OPHL type III.
Introduction
Open partial laryngectomies have undergone worldwide diffusion from the second half of the 20th century thanks to the efforts of some excellent surgeons. Alonso described supraglottic laryngectomy, indicated for tumours limited to the supraglottic region 1. A few years later Meyer, Piquet and Labayle standardised supracricoid laryngectomies with and without conservation of the suprahyoid epiglottis, respectively 2,3. These became the most performed open partial laryngectomies worldwide, given their satisfying and reproducible results. In the 1970s, Serafini described a near-total laryngectomy, defined by a supratracheal caudal resection 4, that was subsequently revised by Rizzotto who codified the tracheohyoidopexy as a supracricoid laryngectomy that extended toward the cricoid 5. The requisite for the functional success of this technique was the possibility of sparing at least one crico-arytenoid unit (CAU).
Open partial laryngectomies nowadays represent the first line surgical choice for conservative treatment of locally intermediate and selected advanced stage laryngeal cancers.
According to the most recent guidelines of the European Laryngological Society (ELS), OPHL represents the current classification of horizontal partial laryngectomies 6.
Both classifications are characterised by distinction of surgical subcategories according to the level of the caudal horizontal resection. We can therefore distinguish supraglottic laryngectomies (OPHL type I), supracricoid laryngectomies (OPHL Type II) and supratracheal laryngectomies (OPHL type III).
Among the peculiarities of OPHLs, there is the possibility to intraoperatively modulate the procedure.
It would be useful for the surgeon to identify preoperative endoscopic and radiological factors that can predict the possibility to modulate the laryngectomy. These factors should be considered and mentioned during preoperative counseling in order to allow the patient to participate in the therapeutic choice.
The main aim of the present study was to investigate, in a cohort of glottic LSCC patients undergoing OPHL, the preoperative factors that are related to modulation of the procedure. Secondary aims were to analyse the oncological outcomes of the cohort and the prognostic relevance of clinical, surgical and pathological parameters.
Methods
Patients
From 2015 to 2017, 119 patients underwent OPHL for glottic LSCC at the Otolaryngology Service of Vittorio Veneto Hospital, and the Otolaryngology Service of San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital in Turin (Italy). Clinical charts were retrospectively reviewed.
Exclusion criteria were: i) patients with supraglottic cancer treated with supraglottic laryngectomy (OPHL I), since the primary aim of our study was to examine the factors influencing modularity in glottic cancer; ii) patients who underwent salvage OPHL; iii) patients with a follow-up < 24 months; iv) a final histology other than LSCC.
Laryngeal tumours were staged according to the 8th classification of the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7.
Preoperative diagnostic work-up included laryngeal indirect flexible video-endoscopy, contrast-enhanced neck CT scan or MRI, chest X-ray; under general anaesthesia laryngoscopy was then performed using rigid 0°, 30° and 70° telescopes in white light and narrow band imaging to complete the diagnostic work-up.
All patients preoperatively signed an informed consent form for modular surgery and total laryngectomy.
All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional Ethics Review Board and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Surgery
Indications to perform OPHL were: i) selected cases of early glottic cancer (cT2) not fit for transoral laser microsurgery (TLM), and ii) selected cases of locally intermediate-advanced disease (cT3-4a) with at least one disease-free CAU, no massive extralaryngeal spread (i.e. a limited diffusion to prelaryngeal tissues without invasion of the thyroid gland or of the infrahyoid muscles) and iii) acceptable general conditions and comorbidities.
General patient-related contraindications to OPHL included alcohol and drug abuse, or major comorbidities (heart failure, lung diseases, mellitus diabetes, or severe neurocognitive decay).
The open partial laryngectomies were performed and recorded according to the ELS classification 6. According to the “modular” approach, the patients with glottic LSCC were initially approached with supracricoid resection; the procedure could intraoperatively change to supratracheal laryngectomy, according to macroscopic extension of the tumour and microscopic findings at frozen sections (positive or negative status of mucosal margins), with progressive widening of the resection, sparing at least one crico-arytenoid unit. All margins were also checked postoperatively on final histology and classified as positive/close/negative.
A radical or modified radical neck dissection (RND and MRND, respectively) were performed in the event of clinically or radiologically proven lymph node involvement. Selective neck dissection (SND) of levels II-III-IV was performed electively for cT3-4a N0 disease, or with curative intent for clinically or radiologically limited node metastases. Bilateral neck dissection was routinely performed in cases of supraglottic spread. An ipsilateral paratracheal neck dissection was used in the event of disease extending to the hypoglottis.
Postoperative radiotherapy (RT) was considered in locally advanced cases (pT3-T4a) with positive margins or multiple node metastases (pN2-3); chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) was scheduled in cases with extranodal extension, and angio-vascular or perineural invasion.
Statistical analysis
Fisher’s exact test was used to calculate the association between different clinical and pathological parameters with OPHL modulation and disease recurrence rate. The log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier survival function were used to calculate disease-free survival (DFS) for patients stratified by the selected variables.
A multivariate logistic model (Wald test) was applied to the same parameters (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.10) to identify independent prognostic factors in relation to recurrence rate and modulation surgery, and the relative 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. The STATA 14 statistical package (Stata Corp., College Station, TX) was used for all analyses.
Results
Open partial horizontal laryngectomies
In this study a cohort of 72 LSCC patients (62 men and 10 women; mean age 61.1 ± 8.6 years, median 62) met the inclusion criteria.
An OPHL type II was performed in 49 cases, while a type III was carried out in 23 cases.
OPHL was modulated (from type II to type III) in 6 cases. Table I shows the distributions of preoperative clinical parameters in relation to the modulation of surgery. Hypoglottic tumour extension was the preoperative parameter that was significantly related with OPHL modulation.
The cases of LSCC were classified as follows: cT2 in 16; cT3 in 49; and cT4a in 8. Regional node status was classified as: cN0 in 56 cases; cN1 in 7; cN2 in 7; and cN3 in one. The pathological classification was: pT1 in 3 cases; pT2 in 6; pT3 in 44; and pT4a in 19. The pathological classification of cervical nodes was: pNX-0 in 56 cases; pN1 in 7; pN2 in 5; and pN3 in 4.
An ipsilateral neck dissection was performed in 63 cases, while a bilateral neck dissection in 4 cases with lesions crossing the midline. There was evidence of extranodal dissemination in 6 cases. Eleven patients received postoperative radiotherapy or CRT.
Pathological findings
At pathology, 10 patients had positive surgical margins, 45 negative and 17 closed. The positive margin was lateral (on the side of the spared arytenoid) in 6 cases, deep in 4, and caudal in 1 case. Vascular and perineural invasion were detected in 38 and 27 cases, respectively. As for pathological grade, this was well differentiated in 12 cases, moderately differentiated in 28, poorly differentiated in 24 and indeterminate in 8.
Oncological outcomes
Sixty-two patients had no relapse of disease, while 10 patients (13%) experienced a disease recurrence after 15 ± 6 months. The mean follow-up was 34 ± 6 months (range 26-71 months). At latest follow-up, 61 patients (85%) were alive and disease-free, 7 (9%) were alive with disease, 2 (3%) died of their disease and 2 (3%) died with no evidence of disease. The final overall and disease-specific survival rates were 94% and 97%, respectively.
Considering the 10 cases with positive margins, 3 patients underwent postoperative radiotherapy, chemo-radiotherapy was scheduled in 1 case with neck metastasis, while close follow-up was adopted in the remaining 6 cases. Two of the 10 patients experienced a local recurrence of disease and were submitted to total laryngectomy: one patient died of disease, the other was disease free at last follow-up. The OPHL was modulated in 1 patient, with caudal positive margin, who experienced no recurrence of disease.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors
Results of the univariate analysis are shown in Table II. Patients with lymph node metastases had significantly higher recurrence rates and shorter DFS compared with pN0 patients. Statistical analysis found that patients who underwent OPHL type III and those with CAU involvement had significantly lower DFS compared with patients undergone OPHL type II and those without CAU involvement by the tumour. These patients had also higher recurrence rates, although no significant p values emerged from our analysis. Patients with normal arytenoid motility experienced significantly lower recurrence rates compared with patients with impaired/absent motility. Patients with locally intermediate-advanced stage disease (pT3-4), positive margins, posterior glottic tumours and radiological involvement of thyro-crico-arytenoid space (TCAS) and hypoglottic region had a higher recurrence rate and shorter DFS, although the differences were not significant.
Multivariate analysis confirmed that hypoglottic extension of the tumour was the only independent predictive factor for surgical modulation (Wald test, p = 0.05; odds ratio 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.25-4.35). The pathological finding of neck metastasis was an independent negative prognostic factor in terms of recurrence rate (Tab. III).
Discussion
Modular surgery is a patient- and tumour-tailored surgical approach that is gaining increasing importance in modern surgery. Considering laryngeal cancer, OPHL is the modular procedure par excellence. As previously reported, when approaching an OPHL, the surgeon should refer to a surgical plan rather than to a single procedure 8.
Modular surgical approaches to organ resection, related to the tumour site and extension, have already been proposed for other cancers, including gastric, liver and pancreatic cancers 9-13. In dermatological surgery, Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has become the gold standard for treatment of cutaneous malignancies. It consists with removal of the neoplasm, in a step-by-step fashion, with progressive tissue exeresis checked with frozen sections, up to complete removal of the lesion. Histopathologic examination is key to the high cure rates achieved with MMS 14.
It is worth noting that every type of conservative surgery, including OPHL, necessarily needs a very accurate preoperative diagnostic work-up in order to analyze the real extension of the tumour, as well as intraoperative confirmation of surgical margins with frozen sections. In the case of modular surgery, the role of histological examination is even more relevant since it determines modulation towards the more radical procedure.
In the present study, a relatively high number of positive margins was reported (13.9%). This could be related to: i) the discrepancy between intraoperative and definitive results of the pathological examination, ii) the final positivity of deep margins, since we intraoperatively sent only superficial mucosal margins, and iii) to the high number of locally advanced tumours (pT3-T4a: 63 cases, 87%).
The possibility to modulate the level of the caudal resection represents a peculiarity and one of the main advantages of partial horizontal laryngectomies. The diffusion and the standardisation of OPHL are due to ELS, and in particular to the efforts of Succo and coworkers 6.
This surgical modular approach was demonstrated to be a valid and effective therapeutic choice for selected patients with glottic or transglottic laryngeal cancer with subglottic extension, not only in terms of oncologic results, but also in terms of functional outcomes 15,16.
However, OPHL type II had been demonstrated to warrant overall better functional results and lower complication rates. In 2017, Lucioni et al. reported that postoperative laryngeal obstruction of the neoglottis after OPHL occurred in 49 of 446 patients who had OPHL type II (11%) and in 36 of 105 patients who had OPHL type III (34%). Such a complication in most cases can be managed with transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) to resolve the neolaryngeal stenosis. Also, the number of procedures necessary to treat the stenosis differed between the procedures. Actually, the authors reported that 1.6 ± 1.2 TLM procedures were necessary to manage the stenosis after OPHL type II, while 2.2 ± 1.8 were necessary after OPHL type III. The final decannulation rate after OPHL type II was 92% vs 86% after OPHL type III 17.
In 2015, Schindler and coworkers published an exhaustive comparison of functional outcomes of OPHL type IIa and IIIa, in terms of swallowing, voice and quality of life. Their results, showing the effectiveness of OPHL type IIIa, denoted a trend toward better functional outcomes of OPHL IIa, although significant differences were found in swallowing only for residue with solids and for voice intelligibility 18.
All patients must be preoperatively informed about the eventuality of shifting from supracricoid to supratracheal laryngectomy. Specific consent including all possible extensions of the procedure, to be signed by the patient, is thus needed 8. At our Institution, patients are routinely informed about the possibility of intraoperative modulation of partial laryngectomy and that, in extreme cases, the procedure can even be converted to total laryngectomy. In most cases, however, correct preoperative staging can predict the possibility of conservative surgery, rather than the need for radical laryngectomy. For the same reasons, OPHL type I is not usually part of the modularity issue, since correct endoscopic and radiological diagnostic work-up can exclude the involvement of the glottis by a supraglottic cancer.
To our knowledge, on the other hand, there are no clear predictive parameters of the modulation of OPHL. In the present study, we investigated the relevance of clinical (endoscopic and radiological) parameters to predict the modulation of the OPHL.
Univariate and multivariate analysis found that hypoglottic extension of the tumour was the most significant preoperative parameter to predict the possibility of intraoperatively modulating the OPHL.
In cases with endoscopic and radiological suspicion of the hypoglottic region, OPHL lets the surgeon start with a supracricoid approach, with the possibility to lower the resection, modulating the procedure to a supratracheal laryngectomy, according to the results of intraoperative frozen sections.
Clearly, the possibility to modulate the OPHL must not reduce the importance of a scrupulous preoperative staging. In the present study, all patient underwent preoperative flexible endoscopy in an outpatient setting, contrast-enhanced neck MRI, if available, or CT scan and direct laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia using rigid 0°, 30° and 70° telescopes in white light and narrow band imaging to assess the mucosal margins of the neoplasm 19.
On the other hand, the hypoglottic extension did not significantly impact oncological outcomes (Tab. II). This is probably due to the good tumour control by OPHL type III in cases with initial hypoglottic extension of the tumour. Moreover, the only patient with caudal positive margins who had modulation of the OPHL did not experience local recurrence of the disease.
The recent literature is focusing on the negative prognostic relevance of posterior spreading of the glottic tumour 20-25. This finding was confirmed by our results (Tab. II), although only the posterior glottic localisation and the impaired/absent arytenoid mobility were related to significantly lower DFS (p = 0.04) and higher recurrence rate (p = 0.02), respectively. Interestingly, our results ruled out glottic localisation (anterior vs posterior), arytenoid mobility and the radiological finding of TCAS or CAU involvement as predictors of OPHL modulation. This could be related to the preoperative selection of cases. Actually, patients with endoscopic evidence of posterior glottic lesions or impaired/absent arytenoid mobility were directly approached with OPHL type III because of the high risk of crico-arytenoid joint involvement by the tumour. Similarly, in case of radiological suspicion of TCAS or CAU invasion, these structures were directly sacrificed (OPHL type III).
In the present study, multivariate analysis (Tab. III) confirmed that only a pathological finding of neck metastasis was an independent negative prognostic factor in terms of recurrence rate (p = 0.05), consistent with the current literature on laryngeal cancer 26. On the other hand, the impaired arytenoid motility, CAU invasion and need for OPHL type III were not independent negative prognostic factors. Once again, this is reasonably due to the fact that all these situations are possible in case of posterior glottic localisation of the tumour.
Conclusions
OPHL represents the modular surgery par excellence to approach the glottic LSCC. The endoscopic and radiological finding of hypoglottic extension is the preoperative parameter that is most informative in predicting intraoperative OPHL modulation. Patients affected by tumours with hypoglottic extension and eligible for OPHL type II should be preoperatively informed about the possibility of an intraoperative switch towards OPHL type III. Patients with posterior glottic lesions or impaired/absent arytenoid mobility should be directly approached with OPHL type III or total laryngectomy.
Figures and tables
Figure 1.A. Opening the larynx during supracricoid approach to assess the tumour extension. B. After frozen sections results, the caudal incision is lowered under the cricoid cartilage (supratracheal resection). C. Removal of the cricoid ring en bloc with the specimen. Captions. c: cricoid ring; g: glottis; h: hypoglottis; lcau: left crico-arytenoid unit; t: trachea; *: tumour.
| Parameter | Modulated OPHL | p* |
|---|---|---|
| Posterior glottis | 5/36 | 0.19 |
| Anterior glottis | 1/36 | |
| Impaired/absent arytenoid motility | 5/44 | 0.39 |
| Normal arytenoid motility | 1/28 | |
| Radiological TCAS invasion | 5/47 | 0.65 |
| No radiological TCAS invasion | 1/25 | |
| Radiological CAU invasion | 5/30 | 0.07 |
| No radiological CAU invasion | 1/42 | |
| Hypoglottic extension | 6/32 | 0.00 |
| No hypoglottic extension | 0/40 |
| No. of patients(%) | Recurrence rate(%) | p * | DFS(Mean ± SD) | p ** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||||
| Age ≥ 65 | 24 | 4 (16%) | 0.72 | 22 ± 21 | 0.83 |
| Age < 65 | 48 | 5 (10%) | 43 ± 6 | ||
| Pathological T classification | |||||
| pT1 | 3 | 2 (22%) | 0.60 | 24 ± 31 | 0.35 |
| pT2 | 6 | ||||
| pT3 | 44 | 8 (12%) | 47 ± 30 | ||
| pT4a | 19 | ||||
| Pathological N classification | |||||
| pNX-0 | 56 | 7 (12%) | 0.05 | 49 ± 4 | 0.06 |
| pN1 | 7 | 3 (18%) | 17 ± 9 | ||
| pN2 | 5 | ||||
| pN3 | 4 | ||||
| Resection margins | |||||
| Negative | 62 | 10 (16%) | 0.66 | 31 ± 22 | 0.95 |
| Positive | 10 | 2 (20%) | 39 ± 8 | ||
| Vascular invasion | |||||
| Negative | 34 | 4 (11%) | 0.73 | 43 ± 4 | 0.86 |
| Positive | 38 | 6 (15%) | 40 ± 10 | ||
| Perineural invasion | |||||
| Negative | 45 | 7 (15%) | 0.73 | 29 ± 25 | 0.44 |
| Positive | 27 | 3 (11%) | 43 ± 13 | ||
| OPHL type | |||||
| II | 49 | 4 (8%) | 0.06 | 40 ± 9 | 0.05 |
| III | 23 | 6 (26%) | 12 ± 15 | ||
| Anterior vs posterior | |||||
| Posterior glottis | 36 | 8 (22%) | 0.08 | 22 ± 1 | 0.04 |
| Anterior glottis | 36 | 2 (5%) | 34 ± 8 | ||
| Arytenoid motility | |||||
| Impaired/absent arytenoid motility | 45 | 9 (20%) | 0.02 | 16 ± 6 | 0.07 |
| Normal arytenoid motility | 27 | 0 (0%) | 18 ± 8 | ||
| TCAS involvement | |||||
| Radiological TCAS invasion | 47 | 8 (17%) | 0.47 | 17 ± 8 | 0.43 |
| No radiological TCAS invasion | 25 | 2 (8%) | 27 ± 1 | ||
| CAU involvement | |||||
| Radiological CAU invasion | 30 | 7 (23%) | 0.08 | 31 ± 11 | 0.04 |
| No radiological CAU invasion | 42 | 3 (7%) | 25 ± 4 | ||
| Hypoglottic extension | |||||
| Endoscopic hypoglottic extension | 32 | 7 (21%) | 0.09 | 20 ± 4 | 0.10 |
| No endoscopic hypoglottic extension | 40 | 3 (7%) | 26 ± 4 | ||
| Odds ratio | p * | 95% confidence interval | p ** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pathological N classification | ||||
| pN+ | 2.35 | 0.05 | Reference group1.55-7.85 | 0.05 |
| OPHL type | ||||
| III | 1.80 | 0.06 | Reference group0.85-2.35 | 0.07 |
| Anterior vs posterior | ||||
| Posterior glottis | 1.50 | 0.08 | Reference group1.15-5.55 | 0.08 |
| Arytenoid motility | ||||
| Impaired/absent arytenoid motility | 3.20 | 0.02 | Reference group1.35-15.5 | 0.07 |
| CAU involvement | ||||
| Radiological CAU invasion | 2.30 | 0.08 | Reference group1.65-3.35 | 0.10 |
| Hypoglottic extension | ||||
| Endoscopic hypoglottic extension | 1.55 | 0.09 | Reference group0.65-8.55 | 0.25 |
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