Chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis and serum vitamin D levels| ACTA Otorhinolaryngologica Italica

Abstract

The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is still unknown, but it is accepted that various inflammatory factors are responsible for the different CRS subtypes. Vitamin D3 has been shown to alter inflammatory mediators in some diseases and its deficiency might also be associated with CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Herein, we investigated serum vitamin D3 levels in patients with CRSwNP and its association with disease severity. In a cross-sectional study, 166 cases with CRSwNP and 172 healthy subjects were enrolled. Serum vitamin D3 levels were measured and compared in both groups. Furthermore, the relationship between serum vitamin-D3 level and the patient’s allergic status and severity of disease (clinically and based on computed tomographic imaging and nasal endoscopy) among patients with CRSwNP was assessed. Serum vitamin D3 level in the CRSwNP group was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.0001). After controlling for possible confounding factors, an increase in vitamin D level showed a protective effect in CRSwNP (OR = 0.69 95% CI:0.62-0.76). A negative correlation was found between serum vitamin-D3 level and the Lund-Mackay score (LMS) (P < 0.0001, R = – 0.66), the Lund-Kennedy score (LKS) (P < 0.0001, R = – 0.71) and the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (P < 0.001, R = – 0.49). Serum vitamin D level in the CRSwNP group was significantly lower than the control group. Disease severity, based on imaging, endoscopic and clinical criteria, was inversely associated with serum vitamin D levels.

Introduction

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the paranasal sinuses. The underlying etiology of the disease is not yet fully understood. It seems that many factors including cilliary impairment, allergy, asthma, aspirin sensitivity and genetic factors are involved in the development of CRS ¹. Clinical symptoms consist of congestion, facial pain and pressure, anosmia, headaches, excessive mucus production and increased susceptibility to acute bacterial infection of the sinuses, which may impair the quality of life. To confirm a diagnosis of CRS, symptoms must persist continuously for over 12 weeks and also include an objective sign of mucosal inflammation in computed tomography (CT) to provide a comprehensive view of the opacification within the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity or via the nasal endoscopy (NE) to directly visualise the nasal cavities and paranasal sinus ostia ^{1 2}.

According to EPOS guidelines ¹, CRS may be divided into two subtypes, with (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP) nasal polyposis. Previous authors have tried to distinguish nasal polyp (NP) patients based on predominant inflammatory cell type/cytokine expression; the most common classification differentiates them into eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic CRSwNP. Increased activity of T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells leads to eosinophils recruitment and is mostly associated with CRSwNP, whereas Th1 increased activity leads to neutrophil recruitment and is more frequently associated with CRSsNP ^3-6.

Several studies suggest that vitamin D3 acts as a steroid hormone that has anti-inflammatory effects ^7-9 and plays an important role in regulating dendritic cells (DC) ¹⁰. The mechanism of immune system modification by vitamin D3 is similar to other corticosteroids ^{7 10-12}. Various studies have shown that vitamin D3 is able to stop the production of cytokines and inhibit differentiation of immune cells. It prevents maturation and differentiation of monocytes to DCs, increases interleukin-10 production by CCs and thereby decreases DC stimulation of Th1/Th2 differentiation, resulting in higher tolerance ^{13 15}. Active (1,25)OH-vitamin-D3 also recruits interleukin-10, producing T-regulatory cells which could help reduce inflammation. In previous studies, an inverse relationship was found between serum vitamin D levels and the level of dendritic cells in CRSwNP patients ¹¹. A similar correlation was revealed between serum vitamin D levels and the granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) ¹⁶.

Some studies suggest that local regulation of vitamin D in the sinonasal tissue during CRS may be independent of serum 25(OH)-D levels and that local calcitriol and tacalcitol inhibit the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) in fibroblast cultures ¹⁷. A significant dose-dependent decrease in fibroblast proliferation was also observed when tissue samples were treated with calcitriol and tacalcitol ^18-20.

In this study we aimed to compare serum vitamin D3 levels in patients with CRSwNP and healthy controls. The innovative aspect of the current study was to reveal the association between disease severity based on “imaging and endoscopic evaluations” and vitamin D3 levels, which to our knowledge has not been addressed in previous studies.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Rhinology Clinic of Qaem and Imam Reza educational hospitals as a tertiary institute with accredited residency and fellowship program, Mashhad, Iran; from Oct 2015 to Aug 2017. The study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Mashhad is a large city located in northeastern Iran that is almost always sunny albeit with polluted weather. The latitude longitude coordinates for Mashhad are 36°18’56.12”N, 59°34’4.66”E.

All patients with signs and symptoms of CRS referred to the Rhinology clinic were evaluated and those with CRSwNP 2 were enrolled in the study. CRS was defined according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology ².

All cases with these criteria who had sinonasal polyposis confirmed by CT and endoscopic evaluation were entered into the study as the study group (CRSwNP). In total, 166 patients with eosinophilic polyps were enrolled; all patients underwent history, physical examination, nasal endoscopy and sinus CT scan. Lund-Mackay ²⁰ and Lund-Kennedy ²¹ scores were calculated based on CT and endoscopic findings, respectively.

Skin prick testing with common local allergens as a gold standard was also done to clarify allergic status of subjects.

Exclusion criteria were: history of vitamin D supplementation, anticonvulsant use, 1 or more cycle of low or high oestrogen OCP usage in last 3 months or corticosteroid use in the last 3 months. History of any chronic disease associated with low vitamin D3 serum levels such as chronic renal, cardiac, and liver diseases and malnutrition. Patients who did not consent to participation.

The control group consisted of 172 healthy subjects who did not have any symptoms suggesting chronic sinusitis or allergy and were matched with the study group in term of age, gender, ethnicity and approximate latitude and geographical location. The control group was selected from regional normal population in different lab office with check up panel without history of vitamin D medication or any related condition such as chronic diseases, asthma and allergy who were matched for sex and age.

Serum level of vitamin D3 was measured in both groups by HPLC ³³.

Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 16). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the quantitative (mean and standard deviation and mean and 95% confidence interval, CI) and qualitative variables (frequencies). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality. Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were compared among groups using the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square test as appropriate. For assessing the relation between quantitative variables with normal and non-normal distribution, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient were used respectively.

To study the effect of vitamin D deficiency on sinonasal polyposis, independent of the role of allergy, we compared vitamin D levels in non-allergic CRSwNP patients and the control group with an independent t-test.

Multivariate analysis was performed with an Enter method of logistic regression analysis. Confounding variables were entered into the binary logistic regression model and OR (odds ratio) with 95% CI. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The mean age in the study and control groups was 41.04 ± 13.0 yrs and 41.00 ± 14.8 yrs, respectively, indicating no significant difference (P = 0.98).The male-to-female ratio was 98/68 and 93/79 in the study and control group respectively, with no significant difference in terms of gender (P = 0.35). Table I shows the demographic characteristics of the case and control groups.

The mean vitamin D level in patients with CRSwNP was 12.11 ± 6.27 ng/ml and 90 ± 17.18 ng/ml in the control group. The difference of 23.79 (95% CI: 21.01-26.58) was statistically significant (P < 0.0001) (Fig. 1).

The correlation between Lund-Mackay score, Lund-Kennedy grading score and mean serum vitamin D level was assessed using Spearman’s correlation test; it showed a significant negative correlation (P < 0.0001; rho = – 0.66, P < 0.0001; rho = – 0.71, respectively). The correlation between SNOT 22 and mean serum vitamin D level was assessed using Pearson’s correlation test (P < 0.0001; R = – 0.49) (Table II).

In CRSwNP patients (study group), 55 (33%) had allergy and 52 (31%) had asthma. Accordingly, there was no significant difference between vitamin D levels in non-asthmatic (12.61) and asthmatic (11.00) CRSwNP patients [– 1.61 (– 3.68-0.45) P = 0.13], but a significant difference was observed in vitamin D levels between non-allergic (12.87 ± 6.17) and allergic (10.5 ± 6.26) CRSwNP patients [– 2.29 (– 4.31 - – 0.28) P = 0.026]. Since the control group was composed of healthy people with a negative history of allergy and asthma, for controlling the possible confounding effect of allergy, again the vitamin D level among non-allergic CRSwNP (12.87 ± 6.17) individuals in comparison to healthy controls (35.90 ± 17.19) showed a significant difference [– 23.03 (– 26.38 - – 19.69) P = 0.026]. Thus, the patients with allergy were excluded from further analysis.

After potential risk factors (education and smoking) were entered into the model, the odds ratio for vitamin D level was (OR = 23.64, 95% CI: 11.63-48.04). The results of the multivariate analysis are shown in Table III.

Discussion

Nowadays ethnicity is believed to play an important role in vitamin D level. Based on epidemiological studies, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is higher in Middle Eastern countries compared to Western nations ^{23 24}. Accordingly, we decided to design a study with a larger sample size than previous studies to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels, CRSwNP and disease severity in Mashhad, Iran (L = 36°N).

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and polyposis severity in CRSwNP patients, based on “endoscopic evaluation”, in addition to CT-scan grading. In addition, as far as we know, this study has the largest sample size among similar surveys having investigated the association between vitamin D3 level and CRS. Our findings revealed a significantly lower vitamin D level in patients with CRSwNP in comparison to healthy controls; severity of disease also correlated inversely with serum vitamin D levels. In addition, multivariate analysis controlled for confounding factors such as allergy, education and smoking; the effect of vitamin D3 deficiency on CRSwNP is supposedly independent of these confounding factors on CRS.

Vitamin D3 has currently been shown to have many immunologic effects, especially on dendritic cells, T cells and macrophages ^{25 26}. Vitamin D receptors have been found in many cells. Rostkowska and colleagues ²⁰ found a significant dose-dependent decrease in fibroblast proliferation when tissue samples from nasal polyps were treated with various doses of vitamin D analogs. In another study by the same author ¹⁹, calcitriol and tacalcitol were demonstrated to inhibit the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and Il-8 in fibroblast cultures. A significant inverse correlation was also found between serum vitamin D levels and the level of dendritic cells, prostaglandin E2 and granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor in CRSwNP patients by Mulligan et al. ¹¹.

These and several recent studies suggest an anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory role for vitamin D3 in patients with CRSwNP. In the current study, this relationship in CRSwNP cases was statistically significant. Previous studies have also mostly reported this correlation as significant ^{10 11 13 27-29}, although exceptions exist ⁸.

In the present study, only CRSwNP patients were investigated and not CRSsNP cases. Most studies found that vitamin D3 level in CRSwNP is lower than in CRSsNP patients ^{10 11 13 27-29}, although one study reported different results ⁸.

Furthermore, similar to three other studies ^{11 27 29} we used CT imaging as a diagnostic factor to evaluate disease severity and found somehow similar results, showing a significant inverse correlation between disease severity and serum vitamin D3 levels (P < 0.0001).

Additionally, we endoscopically assessed polyps using the LKS system, and a significant relationship was achieved between serum vitamin D3 levels and endoscopic grade of disease (P < 0.0001).

Although the exact pathogenesis of CRSwNP is yet unknown, the available evidence suggests the same inflammatory process seen in allergic rhinitis and asthma. Some studies support the role of vitamin D3 in these two diseases. Given the fact that vitamin D3 has the ability to modulate the innate and adaptive immune system, its role in the pathophysiology of allergy has been the field of interest for many years. Vitamin D3 plays an important role in maintaining skin integrity and reducing pathogenic colonization in atopic dermatitis ³¹. Yenigun et al. ³² found that vitamin D3 levels in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis are significantly lower compared to healthy controls.

Nevertheless, 55 of our 166 (33%) CRSwNP cases had simultaneously suffered from allergy. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether allergy may play a role in lowering the vitamin D level in this group. It could be postulated that patients with allergy avoid outdoor environments to reduce their symptoms and consequently, have lower vitamin D levels. This study shows that allergic patients have significantly lower vitamin D levels compared to non-allergic CRS individuals (P < 0.026), confirming the proposed hypothesis. Moreover, even in non-allergic CRS individuals the level of vitamin D is significantly lower than healthy subjects (P < 0.0001). Therefore, the role of vitamin D3 deficiency in CRS seems to be independent of the allergic basis.

This study had certain limitations. Many conditions play a role in the level of serum vitamin D such as skin colour, race, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, nutritional status, sun exposure during the day, use of sunscreen agents, chronic kidney and liver diseases, body mass index and others ³³. We matched the two studied groups in terms of race, sex, age and lack of chronic diseases, whereas other factors were not evaluated and matched between the two groups. Therefore, in order to prevent bias, it is highly recommended to assess all these conditions in future studies. Also to further approve the results of similar studies, the role of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of CRSwNP should be considered.

Conclusions

In conclusion, a significantly lower vitamin D level was found in Iranian CRSwNP patients, indicating a positive correlation with disease severity. Serum vitamin D levels may be used as a workup in these patients and such data could be applied to further determine disease severity.

Figures and tables

Fig. 1.Box- and -whisker display vitamin D level in the two groups.

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