Sphenoidotomy kinetics in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps| ACTA Otorhinolaryngologica Italica

Abstract

Objective. Stenosed sphenoid sinus ostia are among the most common findings in revision endoscopic sinus surgery. This study sought to identify the optimal intraoperative sphenoidotomy size for prevention of postoperative stenosis.
Methods. 32 patients affected by chronic rhinosinusitis not associated with nasal polyps (CRSsNP) underwent 52 sphenoidotomies. Sphenoidotomy size was assessed using a ruler intraoperatively and at the first, third and sixth months postoperatively. Ostia sizes, SNOT- 22 questionnaire findings, episodes of recurrent sinusitis and need for revision surgery were recorded.
Results. All sphenoidotomies exhibited a significant size reduction (mean 43.4 ± 6.8%) at the first month postoperatively, with a tendency to enlarge at 3 months and stabilise at 6 months. Ostia larger than 61.3 mm2 did not exhibit stenoses postoperatively. Stenosis was observed in 11 sphenoidotomies (21.2%); however, only five presented with recurrent symptoms (9.6%), while three required revision sphenoid surgery (5.8%).
Conclusions. Sphenoidotomy size significantly reduced during the first postoperative month and then stabilised. A baseline sphenoidotomy size of 61.3 mm2 at the time of the operation seemed sufficient to prevent ostium stenosis. Half of stenosed ostia presented with recurrent symptoms.

Introduction

Endoscopic sphenoidotomy, which can be performed transethmoidally or transnasally, is the preferred surgical approach for the treatment of sphenoid sinus diseases, largely due to its excellent outcomes and low morbidity rate ¹. The long-term outcomes of endoscopic sphenoidotomy in the context of isolated sphenoid sinus diseases have been found to have patency rates greater than 90% ¹. However, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with sphenoid involvement is more challenging to treat. In fact, although CRS is the least common sinus disease, additional surgery is required in 34%-65% of revision cases due to persistent or recurrent disease and stenosis ¹.

The main causes of persistent sphenoid disease are scarring and/or thick neo-osteogenic bone in the ostium area, failure to open the sphenoid sinus (e.g. mistaking the Onodi cell for the sphenoid sinus) and recirculation in the transethmoidal approaches ². Given that blocked or significantly stenosed sphenoid sinus ostia are identified in 65.9% of patients who undergo revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), the postoperative assessment of the patency and size of the ostium is highly important ³. Yet, despite advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of CRS, the optimal sphenoidotomy size at the time of the surgery remains unclear ^4,5.

This prospective study sought to evaluate the size of the sphenoidotomy within the first six months after surgery as well as to determine whether the identified intraoperative sinus ostium size predisposes patients with CRS without polyps (CRSsNP) to recurrence of disease.

Materials and methods

Patients

Patients between 18 and 75 years who were undergoing functional ESS for CRSsNP were included in the present study. Patients with nasal polyps, allergic fungal sinusitis, isolated sphenoid sinusitis, a history of previous sinus surgery (including sphenoid sinus surgery), tumours or who were undergoing trans-sphenoidal neurosurgical procedures were excluded. Initially, 50 patients were included. Later, patients who underwent transethmoidal sphenoidotomies (five patients), who needed posterior ethmoidectomy (four patients) and who developed postoperative recurrent ethmoid sinusitis (three patients), which all complicated the healing process of the sphenoid ostium, were excluded from the study. Among the remaining 38 patients, two did not complete the follow-up assessment. Finally, another four patients who exhibited poor compliance with their postoperative care, including failing to perform the daily nasal rinsing for a period of over a week, were also excluded from the study (compliance rate: 88.9%, 32 of 36 patients).

In terms of preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans, all patients exhibited at least partial opacification of one sphenoid sinus. Each sinus was categorised according to the Lund-Mackay (LM) system, a well-validated staging system for CRS, and graded between zero and two (zero: no abnormality, one: partial opacification, two: total opacification) ⁶.

Patients had been referred for ESS after failure of maximal medical treatment to control symptoms. Thus, the criterion for surgery was the severity of symptoms, as reported using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire (score > 20), accompanied by imaging findings with an LM score of ≥ 1 ⁷.

Surgery

All surgical procedures were performed under general anaesthesia by the same surgeon over a 2.5-year period. The extent of sinus surgery performed for each patient was determined by the amount and location of their sinus disease. Thus, in accordance with the Messerklinger principles, all the patients in the study group underwent at least middle meatal antrostomy, anterior ethmoidectomy and transnasal sphenoidotomy. The additional surgery, which was performed when necessary, included frontal sinusotomy and posterior ethmoidectomy. However, patients who required posterior ethmoidectomy were excluded from the present study, whether or not they underwent transnasal or transethmoidal sphenoidotomy.

Each patient in the study group underwent at least one transnasal sphenoidotomy with a minimum diameter of 5 mm (19.625 mm² area), with this size area being considered the criterion for stenosis. To minimise the risk of bias, each sphenoidotomy was performed using only conventional instrumentation (e.g. Kerrison forceps). In some cases, once the appropriate structures had been identified, the inferior third of the superior turbinate was resected to allow for identification of the sphenoid sinus natural ostium medial to it. The ostium was then widened medially towards the septum and inferiorly towards the posterior septal branch of the sphenopalatine artery. This was done without further manipulation of the superior turbinate to reduce the risk of skull base injury. In all cases, the sphenoidotomy was performed while protecting the surrounding mucosa, meaning that the operation resulted in an ostium without any uncovered bony edges. At the end of each surgical procedure, the sphenoidotomy size was assessed by using a curved ear curette (90°, 5 mm internal diameter) as a ruler (Fig. 1A).

Endoscopic images were taken and stored in a computer. After each procedure, both nasal cavities were packed for 24 hours.

Postoperative care

All patients were discharged with a 10-day course of oral doxycycline, nasal steroids (budesonide, total daily dose of 400 mcg) and nasal saline irrigation, which was to be performed at least twice daily for up to eight weeks. The postoperative removal of clots and crusts was performed endoscopically on a weekly basis for a period of four to six weeks if required. Follow-up appointments were scheduled at one, three and six months postoperatively.

Measurements

The sphenoidotomy size was assessed intraoperatively and at the three follow-up appointments (first, third and sixth postoperative months) using a curved ear curette with a 5 mm internal diameter. All the intraoperative and postoperative endoscopic images were captured using the same 0^o, 3.5 mm nasal endoscope (Karl Storz Co., Tuttlingen, Germany). We placed the probe in the same vertical plane as the sphenoidotomy and close to the centre of the endoscope’s field in order to minimise the visuospatial distortion.

The stenosis assessment was performed when the endoscopic image of the probe most closely resembled a circle. Under these conditions, the endoscopic images can be measured accurately and in a reproducible manner, as the visuospatial error fell below 5% ⁸. In borderline cases, to achieve precise measurements, the probe should occupy more than 40% of the endoscopic field.

The stored endoscopic images were measured by a blinded observer (the last author) to determine the size of the sphenoid ostium. More specifically, the measurements were performed using Adobe Acrobat Pro Document Cloud software (version 2018.009.20050) (Adobe Inc., San Jose, California, United States [US]), while the areas of interest were manually marked. Using Adobe tools for area measurements, the sphenoidotomy size was automatically calculated after adjusting the measurements for the known curette diameter (embedded scale ratio) (Fig. 1B). The curette area could easily be found using the formula A = πr², where A is the area and r is the radius (2.5 mm): 19.625 mm². Every sphenoidotomy with an area measurement ≤ 19.625 mm² was considered stenotic.

The SNOT-22 questionnaire was used to assess patients’ subjective symptoms at baseline and during follow-up appointments ⁹. We also assessed the number of patients who had changes in their SNOT-22 scores above the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for surgically treated CRS patients (9.0 points), as suggested by Hopkins et al. ¹⁰. The patients’ medical records were also reviewed for episodes of postoperative recurrent sinusitis and the need for revision surgery.

The patients were defined as being symptomatic postoperatively if their SNOT-22 scores remained > 20 at their last follow-up appointment and pus or thick secretions from their sphenoid sinus ostium were observed (with no evidence of ethmoidal cavity inflammation). No further imaging studies were performed postoperatively.

Statistical analysis

The results were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, US).

The sample size calculation was based on the following parameters: an acceptable error alpha of 0.05; an acceptable error beta of 0.10; and a clinical difference of 3 mm in diameter and a standard deviation (SD) ± 1.1, which corresponds to an area of 28.26 mm² and a SD ± 3.8. According to Douglas Altman’s nomogram, the adequate minimum number of patients for a study with 85% power equates to 28 sphenoidotomies ¹¹.

All descriptive statistics are presented in the text as the mean values ± SD of the means. The comparisons among the ostium areas during the follow-up period were performed using a paired t-test, while the correlations between the measurements and descriptive statistics were determined using the Spearman rank correlation coefficients. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05.

Results

Patient characteristics

Thirty-two CRSsNP patients (18 males and 14 females) with a mean age of 46.1 years (range: 22-73 years) who underwent ESS at a tertiary centre were included in this prospective, non-controlled study, which was conducted over a period of 2.5 years. Demographic statistics concerning the patients are presented in Table I.

Sphenoidotomy kinetics

In total, 52 nasal cavities (20 bilateral and 12 unilateral sphenoidotomies) were assessed at the first, third and sixth months postoperatively. The shape of each patient’s ostia at the end of the operation was either oval (n = 27) or round (n = 25).

During the final postoperative follow-up appointments, 11 of the 52 sphenoidotomies were found to be stenotic (21.2%), which related to eight of the 32 operated patients (25%). Five of those patients had unilateral stenosis, while three had bilateral stenosis.

The presence of sphenoidotomy stenosis did not correlate with gender, age, comorbidities or ostium shape (all r < 0.2, p > 0.05). The correlations are presented in Table II.

The mean sphenoidotomy area in our cohort during baseline assessments (end of the operation) was 67.5 ± 14.6 mm². A significant decrease in this size (mean size: 38.2 ± 11.3 mm², p < 0.001) was observed during the first postoperative month (percentage decrease: 43.4% ± 6.8), with a slight enlargement being seen at three months (9.1% ± 2.7) and stabilisation being noted at six months (Fig. 2). Figure 3 presents an example of the aforementioned sphenoidotomy kinetics in a patient from our cohort.

The stenotic sphenoidotomies had a mean baseline size of 38.8 ± 8.8 mm², which was significantly smaller than the mean baseline size of the sphenoidotomies that did not develop stenosis (76 ± 14.7 mm², p < 0.001). Notably, at the end of the surgery, all the sphenoidotomies were greater than 19.625 mm² in area, which was the criterion for stenosis.

A comparison of the kinetics between the stenotic and non-stenotic sphenoidotomies postoperatively (Fig. 4) revealed initially similar patterns, with a significant decrease being seen in the first month for both groups. However, the stenotic sphenoidotomies exhibited a slight worsening in size between the one-month (18 ± 5.1 mm²), three-month (16.6 ± 5.5 mm²) and six-month postoperative follow-up appointments (12.6 ± 4.5 mm²). The non-stenotic sphenoidotomies exhibited an increase in size at the three-month follow-up appointment (9.92% ± 2.1) and no change at the six-month appointment. All 24 patients with non-stenotic sphenoidotomy remained asymptomatic during the follow-up period.

Outcomes of patients with stenosis

The eight patients with stenosis were divided as follows: three asymptomatic and five with recurrent symptoms of sinusitis (SNOT-22 score > 20). The three asymptomatic patients with stenosis were provided with close follow-up in accordance with a “wait and see” policy. Two of the five symptomatic patients with stenosis were successfully managed by further medical treatment (nasal steroids for an additional two months and a low dose of doxycycline [100 mg/day] for ten weeks). However, the remaining three symptomatic patients with stenosis required further sphenoid sinus surgery due to the nearly complete blockage of the ostium and persistent sinusitis symptoms (the patients’ ostium areas were 8 mm², 10 mm² and 12 mm², respectively). Thus, the revision surgery rate in our cohort was 5.8% (or three of 52 sphenoid sinuses). Revision surgery was planned for these three patients after the six-month follow-up period.

The mean baseline sphenoidotomy size of the five symptomatic patients was lower (36.9 ± 6.9 mm²) than that of the three asymptomatic patients (41.9 ± 5.3 mm², p = 0.11), albeit without statistical significance. All sphenoidotomy area measurements are presented in Table III.

SNOT-22

The assessment of the SNOT-22 questionnaire findings revealed a significant improvement in patients’ symptom scores from a mean of 35.7 ± 11.2 preoperatively to a mean of 9.3 ± 4.2 at the sixth postoperative month. All the asymptomatic (stenotic and non-stenotic) patients had changes in their SNOT-22 symptom scores greater than a MCID of 9.0, without correlation between the postoperative SNOT-22 scores and the final sphenoidotomy sizes ¹⁰. The three patients who required revision surgery had no significant improvement of their SNOT-22 scores, with their mean score being 23.5 ± 5.8 at the final follow-up appointment. The latter score mainly included symptoms from the nasal subdomain of the SNOT-22 questionnaire, including postnasal drip, thick secretions and stuffed nose, with a mean score of 18.3 ± 2.4 ¹².

LM CT score

A comparison of the LM CT scores between the stenotic and non-stenotic cases did not reveal a significant difference (stenotic mean LM score of 12.3 ± 1.8 vs non-stenotic mean LM score of 11.8 ± 1.6, p = 0.821). The presence of stenosis was not correlated with the extent of the disease, as seen in relation to the preoperative LM CT score (r = 0.19, p = 0.78).

Discussion

Revision endoscopic surgery is required when medical treatment fails to manage persistent disease due to issues such as postoperative abnormal mucociliary transport, incomplete surgery, lateralised middle turbinate, synechiae and stenosed or blocked sinus ostium ³. A blocked antrostomy is the most common anatomical finding in revision maxillary sinus surgery, as reported by Musy and Kountakis (39% of their series) ¹³. Although several studies have previously investigated the optimal antrostomy size for the maxillary sinus, finding that an ostium of at least 5 mm in diameter is necessary, the same is not true for the sphenoid sinus, as only a very limited body of literature is available ^14-16.

In a cadaveric study, Singhal et al. found that larger maxillary and sphenoid sinus ostia had significantly better applications in terms of nasal lavage than smaller ones, suggesting that better saline penetration was obtained at an ostial diameter of 4.7 mm ¹⁵. However, other studies have suggested that a wider sinus ostium does not necessarily ensure appropriate drug application ^17,18.

Given that blocked sphenoid sinus ostia are identified in 65.9% of patients who undergo revision surgery, this study sought to assess the kinetics of the sphenoidotomy size and determine its effect on the course of the disease ³. The present study had two major findings. First, the sphenoidotomy area decreased significantly (by 43.4%) within the first postoperative month, with a small improvement in size and then stabilisation occurring during the next five months. Second, stenosis did not develop in patients with a large sphenoidotomy area at baseline (> 61.3 mm², approximately three times the ruler’s size). This criterion represents the mean sphenoidotomy size in non-stenotic patients minus its SD (76 – 14.7 mm²).

Wound healing following ESS represents a prolonged and complex process ¹⁹. Limited data are available regarding alterations in the antrostomy size during the healing process ²⁰. However, the first six postoperative months are considered the most important in relation to the development of ostium stenosis ¹⁹.

The finding of an initial rapid decrease in size during the follow-up period in the present study corresponds to the blood-crusting and obstructive-lymphedema phases of the wound-healing process. The subsequent increase in size during the third month and the stabilisation of the ostium size in the sixth month mainly reflect the phases involving mesenchymal growth and scar-tissue formation ¹⁹. The significant decrease in the ostium size within the first month may indicate the importance of early postoperative care concerning the nasal cavity, such as nasal rinsing and meticulous debridement. Further studies are required to clarify the optimal medical treatment during this postoperative period, focusing on medications that could act in the early phases of wound healing. In addition, taking into account this early ostium shrinkage, surgeons may prefer to create larger ostia during surgery.

The use of a simple ear curette to assess the sphenoidotomy size, despite being quick and easily applicable in an operating room/clinical setting, remains an imprecise means of assessing the size of a sinus ostium. Ideally, software should be developed to facilitate the calculation of the sinusotomy size on site.

Based on the present results, it is difficult to suggest an optimal sphenoidotomy size due to the limited number of patients and the multifactorial nature of both the disease and wound-healing process. However, the data on non-stenotic patients (mean: 76 ± 14.7 mm²) indicate that larger ostia may be safer when it comes to avoiding recurrent symptoms and the need for revision surgery.

The patients’ subjective symptoms, measured using the SNOT-22 questionnaire, showed a significant improvement postoperatively in non-stenosed and asymptomatic stenotic cases, regardless of the postoperative sphenoidotomy size. On the contrary, significantly higher SNOT-22 scores (> 20) were found at the last follow-up appointment in the stenosed cases requiring surgery. These results may indicate that stenosis is not the only factor that contributes to persistent disease and, furthermore, that additional medical treatment may help to ensure a healthy sphenoid sinus despite the presence of a stenosed ostium.

A number of prior studies have explored techniques that may serve to prevent postoperative stenosis of the sphenoidotomy, albeit without performing measurements of the actual area size. Yu et al. suggested that powered instrumentation is more effective than conventional instruments in terms of treatment of isolated sphenoid sinus ²¹. Our study cannot support this suggestion, as we used only conventional instruments; however, the use of powered instrumentation may cause osteitis, a factor known to contribute to the closure of the ostium. This issue remains controversial and further studies are required to provide clarification.

Another prior study proposed the use of the adjacent nasal mucosa as rotational tissue flaps covering the exposed bone of the neo-ostium, thereby minimising fibrosis and preventing the closure of the sinus ²². The extent and size of the initial ostium were not reported, and the outcome was only approximately measured using suction tips of different widths. Similarly, Thompson et al. used a mini-nasoseptal flap to prevent ostium restenosis in a cohort of 9 patients with highly inflammatory sphenoid sinus pathologies, although they did not calculate the initial sphenoidotomy size ²³.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the sphenoid ostium size at the time of surgery and during the healing process. Despite the final sample size of the population requiring revision surgery being too small to make a meaningful comparison, the nearly complete blockage of the sphenoid ostium represented their main characteristic.

It must be recognised that the present study had several limitations. First, it included only patients with CRSsNP, meaning that the results do not provide information about patients with higher inflammatory loads, such as nasal polyposis or cystic fibrosis. In addition, patients with extended sinusitis involving the posterior ethmoids that required posterior ethmoidectomy, a procedure that can complicate the healing process of the sphenoid ostium, were excluded. Although isolated sphenoid sinusitis appears to be the ideal model for such a study, the disorder is rare and represents only a small proportion of CRS patients ²⁴. Given the aforementioned reasons, we limited our cohort to CRSsNP.

Further research is required to assess the other factors, besides the initial size, that contribute to ostium stenosis, including osteitis in revision cases or other underlying disorders (e.g., Wegener’s disease). Additionally, mucociliary function, especially around the neo-ostium, may require special attention, as the sphenoid sinus works partially against gravity. Bearing in mind that the volume of the sinus and the size of the ostium clearly affect the pressure gradient between the nasal cavity and sinus, thereby playing an important role in the transport of gas and drugs, further studies are required to assess these factors ²⁵.

Although the method used for the ostium measurements is applicable for research purposes, it should be noted that it is difficult to apply in an operating room setting, where it is not possible to obtain accurate measurements without simultaneous software-based calculations.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study demonstrated that sphenoidotomy in CRSsNP patients following transnasal sphenoidotomy significantly reduces in size (43.4%) within the first postoperative month, with a small improvement in size and then stabilisation occurring over the next five months. In our cohort, a baseline sphenoidotomy size of 61.3 mm² (approx. three times the area of a 5 mm ear curette) did not result in ostium stenosis. About 50% of postoperative stenosed ostia experienced recurrent symptoms.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Authors’ contributions

PP processed the experimental data, took the measurements and wrote the article. KM and JC gave final approval for the article. IK conceived the study, performed the operations and processed the experimental data.

Ethical consideration

The investigations were performed according to the Guidelines for Biomedical Studies Involving Human Subjects (“Helsinki Declaration”). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Δ3_β/49441/17-12-2018). All the subjects provided written informed consent.

Figures and tables

Figure 1.(A) The curved 90° ear curette with an internal diameter of 5 mm used as a ruler. (B) Endoscopic image of a left sphenoidotomy. (C) Endoscopic image of the same sphenoidotomy, as measured in Adobe Acrobat.

Figure 2.Sphenoidotomy size kinetics of the study group. Asterisks indicate the statistically significant size differences between the intraoperative and follow-up measurements. Polynomial trendline represents the measurement fluctuation.

Figure 3.Endoscopic images of a non-stenotic left sphenoidotomy in a male patient from our cohort. The changes in size at every stage of the follow-up period are made clear by the ruler. (A) Sphenoidotomy at the end of the operation. (B) One month later. (C) Three months later. (D) Six months later.

Figure 4.Comparison of the mean areas between stenotic and non-stenotic sphenoidotomies during the six-month follow-up period. Asterisks indicate the significant decrease in the sphenoidotomy sizes of both groups at the one-month postoperative assessment (p < 0.001).

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